Requirement of modern Aviation and Bangladesh

Aviation History

Syed Mohd. Saleh Uddin

(From navigationtalk.wordpress.com for further dissimenation, assisted by HAMZA)

Runways :

Runways at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (Courtesy: wikipedia)

Runways, Airport Terminals, Airline routes are requirements of Modern Civil Aviation. Modern Terminal across the Globe having capability to handle upto two flights a minute. Terminals is now an integral part of Airports include buildings, installations and equipments. The size of the airports depends on the volume of flight activities ( passengers, mails, express and freight ) and types of aircrafts use it. Modern airports need fully computerized baggage handling equipments. Its runways should be equipped with modern electronics and laser / infrared beams enable aircrafts to land even without pilots according to FAA/CAA standard.According to FAA standard modern airport facilities including runways are as follows . Present Runway may be from 3200-4200 ft, or more than that(length). Its width must be 100 ft/, 150-200 ft, Taxing width 50/75 ft, Taxing Center line to obstacle 100/200 ft, Aircraft packing area 175/250 ft, Parallel Taxing center line 200/300 ft Runway center line to obstacle 200/280 ft, Taxing center line 280/400 ft, Aircraft Parking area 425/650 ft, Property line 500 ft min/ 750 ft, Building line (non Precision runway 500/ 750 ft, Building ( Precision runway 750/ 750 ft.

(Courtesy: wikipedia)

Modern aircrafts are installed with Radar and other Navigational devices ( NAV AIDS ). It should be installed with Black box which consists of a Digital Flight Data Recorder and a Cockpit Voice Recorder. Modern airport must have ATC and required communication and navigational aids should also be in the ATC. These are common for Military Aviation also.Somewhere it uses Civil Aviation’s runway and in separate airforce stations/bases they have their own runways. In British India in the year 1941the construction of Tejgaon Airport was started . About same time the landing strip in Kormitolla was started construction . These were used for war purpose. British Air force Aircrafts were kept in both the areas. An American Airforce detachment was also there . At that time the name of Tejgaon Airport area was Dainodda (Courtesy: Syed Shahadat Hossain , an inhabitant of Dainodda , while the Airport was under construction) .In Bangladeshi area at that time many other Air strips was also constructed for war purpose . Later on some of these were upgraded for commercial aviation .During Bangladesh period both Domestic and International Flights started operation from Zia International Airport . This Airport was constructed around British built Air strip. All the modern Airports maintain International standard. Other important factor of aviation is Air Route . To find out proper route experts calculated minutely so that an aircraft reach its destination shortest possible way and safely. Like other air liners Bangladesh Biman also fly in schedule route . By Bangladesh Biman one can reach any where of the Globe. Some where it lands directly and to other places its passengers use aircrafts of other airliners arranged by Bangladesh Biman. It establish easy link by other air liner to reach the destination of passengers where Bangladesh Biman does not land. Another most important factor of aviation Industry is staff.In Bangladesh Biman both men & women working together in international and domestic flight.Women are working as cabin crew( air hostess), in the ground they are doing administrative , marketing and training related job nicely. Some women pilots here also served . Among them Captian Rukhshana of Bangladesh Biman and Faria Lara of Air Parabat Flying Academy may be named . Faria and Syed Rafiqul Islam died in a Air crush on 27^th Sept. 1998 while they were flying their own aircrafts . Inspection and maintenance facility for Aviation Industry is must . Concord crush in July ,2000 reminds us this reality . Both civil and military aviation of Bangladesh are trying to adopt International standard in all respect gradually.( SMSU)

Reference:

Training material published by Bangladesh Biman Air lines training center.
Booklet published by BAF information center, Tejgaon, Dhaka.
Prospectus of Aviacon Institute of Aeronautics, Uttara, Dhaka.
Major General Sukhwant Singh, India’s wars since Independence ^_ Defense of the Western Border, Volume two, Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd., 1981.
Interview with Chief Engineer of Flying Academy Mr. A.R. Sheikh, Deputy Chief Engineer of plant protection Aviation workshop Mr. Zoynul Abedin, Few personalities of BAF information center, BATC, CAAB, Army and Airforce Museum, Dhaka.
Various Encyclopedias for guidance.

(Above references for all the aviation related entries)

Pl. also see annexes below which is taken from wikipedia.

Annex-1

The Runway Thresholds are markings across the runway that denote the beginning and end of the designated space for landing and takeoff under non-emergency conditions.^[9]
The Runway safety area is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.
The Runway is the surface from threshold to threshold, which typically features threshold markings, numbers, and centerlines, but not overrun areas at both ends.
Blast pads, also known as overrun areas or stopways, are often constructed just before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway. Overrun areas are also constructed at the end of runways as emergency space to slowly stop planes that overrun the runway on a landing gone wrong, or to slowly stop a plane on a rejected takeoff or a takeoff gone wrong. Blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the runway and are marked with yellow chevrons. Planes are not allowed to taxi, take off or land on blast pads, except in an emergency.

Displaced thresholds may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A displaced threshold often exists because obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions may make the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings. It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.

Runway markings[edit]

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There are runway markings and signs on most large runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate the thousands of feet remaining, so 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134 m) remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a line of green lights.

There are three types of runways:

Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel, ice, asphalt, or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available and pilots must be self-reliant.
Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). They provide horizontal position guidance to planes on instrument approach via Non-directional beacon,VHF omnidirectional range, Global Positioning System, etc.
Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches.

Annex-2

Night runway view from A320 cockpit. (Courtesy:wikipedia)

Annex-3

The grass airstrip on the Badminton estate, Badminton, South Gloucestershire, England. The strip is very simple – no lighting, no centreline and no approach aids. The edge is marked by simple posts. (Courtesy: wikipedia)